Google And Motorola Essay

This $12. 5 billion deal is Google’s first step into the mobile device hardware market and can therefore be seen as a non- ­? horizontal or vertical merger, as Google has been active in the market at a different stage of the supply chain through the development of one of the major mobile device operating systems (OSs): Android OS. This merger will strengthen Google’s stance in the market for mobile devices and will mainly boost Google’s patent portfolio. Nearly one third of all mobile device sales in 2011 were smartphones with a growth rate of 58 percent from 2010. In this rapidly eveloping market with such a high number of consumers, it is of great importance that there is high competition in order to keep the prices low and to drive innovation. As this market is also very global, antitrust organisations all over the world, for example the United States Department of Justice or the European Commission need to check, whether a merger like the one that is presented in the following could harm competition or increase a firm’s market power in a market above an acceptable level. Additionally, this paper will face the question, whether the sinergies of this merger are big enough to influence the competition ommissions’ decisions. In order to answer these questions, this paper will firstly present the case and the decisions from both the European and the US point of view. Secondly, it will show an analysis of the economic background of the case to trace the steps of the two antitrust commissions and then, thirdly it will conclude with a competition analysis and a search for efficiency gains that justify the commissions’ decisions, followed by a short outlook. As an introductory part to this paper, I will give some general information about the firms, their operations prior to the merger and a projection of their ombined future. I will also present the notifying party’s (i. e. Google’s) reasons for why they would like to acquire Motorola. Following this are the EU and U. S. decisions and a short abstract on the differences in their approaches. 1 2. 1 Google, Inc. Google is mainly known as a provider of its internet search platform and online advertising services. Founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1998, it became a publically traded company in 2004 and since then it has become one of the biggest players in web- ­? based enterprises around the world. Its broad range of products goes from web search tools, via advertising services ike AdSense or AdWords, communication and publishing services, development resources, map- ­? related products, statistical tools and desktop applications to mobile applications and the operating systems Android for mobile devices and ChromeOS for personal computers. (Google, Inc. , 2012a) 2. 2 Motorola Mobility Holdings, Inc. MMI, formerly the mobile devices division of Motorola Inc. , became its own publically traded company in January 2011. In the 1990s it was the pioneer of the flip phone, the StarTac. With this and through its focus on this market segment it was able to develop its hit product, the super- ­? thin flip phone: Motorola RAZR. While these boosted its position in the analogue mobile phone market for a while, MMI’s slow adaption to digital technology made it lose the race to its rivals, e. g. Sony Ericsson or Nokia, in the beginning of the 21st century (Motorola Mobility Holdings, Inc. , 2010). Its market share began to drop with a record $1. 2 billion loss in 2007 and continued to drop in the years thereafter towards 2. 7 percent in 2010. This, amongst other issues, has led some people to believe that Motorola was nearing bankruptcy. (Gartner, Inc. , 2011) 2. 3 Reasons for a Merger In its own press release, Google Inc. (2012) states the ain benefits of the deal to be: 1. An acceleration of innovation and choice in mobile computing through which consumers will get better phones at lower prices and 2. A protection of the Android Ecosystem through Motorola’s patent portfolio, which guarantees Android to stay open- ­? source software, which is vital to completion in the mobile device space, as it is ensuring hardware manufacturers, application developers, mobile phone carriers and consumers all to have choice. Since 2008 Motorola has fully implemented the Android operating system for their 2 smartphones, which creates a â€Å"natural fit between [the two] companies† Google, Inc. , 2012b, p. 1). This, as well as Motorola being a member of the Open Handset Alliance (OHA), a consortium to create open standards for mobile devices, which now includes 84 firms from every part of the supply chain, will enable faster innovation. Another point that Google stresses in their facts about the acquisition is the long history of innovation in communications technology at Motorola Mobility and additionally the development of intellectual property. The latter is very important to Google as it will support their own, so far very small, patent portfolio to defend Android OS against the strong competition rom Apple and Microsoft, which is well explained in an extra paragraph in their press release. It is very important to Google to support the constant competition it has injected into the smartphone market since the introduction of the first Android phone in 2008. They are trying to give â€Å"consumers, application developers, and mobile carriers high- ­? quality alternatives to products like Apple? s iPhone and iPad and RIM’s BlackBerryâ€Å" (Google, Inc. , 2012b, p. 2). Google especially highlights what they will not be trying to do with the merger, in order to keep competitors and consumers calm. They do not want to close the Android cosystem and favour Motorola over other hardware manufactures. The Android OS will stay available to everyone on an open source basis. Google will also not force their partners to use Google search (in order to boost their own advertising revenues). 2. 4 The EU Decision The European Commission (EC) was notified of the proposed merger in late November 2011. Since Google and Motorola Mobility have a combined world- ­? wide turnover exceeding â‚ ¬5 billion and each have an EU- ­? wide turnover of more than â‚ ¬250 million, as well as neither one company is achieving more than two- ­? thirds of its EU- ­? Wide turnover within one European ountry, the merger has an EU dimension and has therefore to be allowed by the EC. In their analysis of whether the merger would bring about competition issues, the EC concluded to focus on the vertical relationships between â€Å"Google as the supplier of the open source Android OS and online services on the one hand and Motorola Mobility as a supplier of mobile devices and holder of important Intellectual Property Rights for mobile devices on the other hand† (European Commission, 2012, p. 4). The EC splits its initial market analysis into three parts: Firstly it focusses on the market for operating systems, secondly it analyses he market for mobile devices and thirdly it discusses the Standard Essential Patents (SEPs) 3 Google acquires from MMI. With their market analysis they conduct a competition analysis and conclude in all areas that the merger does not raise any competition issues, which can also be seen in the economic analysis that follows later. Their decision therefore is to drop the investigation and allow the deal to go through without any remedies or changes to be made. 2. 5 The US Decision The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) has approached the case in a similar, however, slightly different way. It combined the investigations f the merger case with acquisitions of certain patents by Apple Inc. , Microsoft Corporation and Research In Motion Ltd. , as all of these were linked to each other. In their analysis, the DOJ followed a similar approach to the EU, checking, whether the proposed acquisitions would create incentives and abilities for the acquiring firms to â€Å"exploit ambiguities in the SSOs’ F/RAND [fair/ reasonable and non- ­? discriminatory terms] licensing commitments to hold up rivals, this preventing or inhibiting innovation and competition† (U. S. Department of Justice, 2012, p. 2). In terms of Microsoft Corp. ’s and Apple’s acquisition of Nortel patents, the division’s concerns were lessened by the â€Å"clear commitments by Apple And Microsoft to license SEPsâ€Å" (U. S. Department of Justice, 2012, p. 1) on FRAND terms, as well as their commitments not to seek injunctions in disputes involving SEPs. However, the Department of Justice identifies Google’s commitments to be less clear. The Department refers to Google’s open letter to all Standard Setting Organizations (SSOs) and argues that Google’s statement does not directly provide the same assurance, as for example the other companies mentioned before. Google for example mentions in their letter that it will not seek njunctions for the infringement of SEPs against a competitor, however only for disputes involving future license revenues, and only if the counterparty â€Å"forgoes certain defenses such as challenging the validity of the patent; pays the full disputed amount into escrow; and agrees to a reciprocal assurance as the other companies’ statements concerning the exercise of its newly acquired patent rightsâ€Å" (Lo, 2012, p. 3). These are, however, only reasons for the Department to decide on further monitoring of how competitors are exercising their patents, in order to identify potential misuses of the SEPs and not to prohibit the merger.

Confused and DazedConfused and Dazed Essay

At the risk of sounding â€Å"clichà ©-ish†, in answering the question of whether or not I thought the theme of the play was all about a man who could not make up his mind, my answer would be yes. If ever there was a man who contemplated life until it absolutely absorbed him into a pitiful peace-less mind it was Hamlet. The above mentioned clichà © is from the ever famous Act III Scene I: To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them?   Ã¢â‚¬ËœTo be, or not to be’ has been quoted, misquoted, used out of context, and has been said enough that little children will know the line before they know who Hamlet is. However, to further support my answer to the above question, man has contemplated life in many different ways. For Hamlet to say ‘to be, or not to be: that is the question’ is to say he is conveying all that has him perplexed. In those ten words lies more depth of thought than can be demonstrated in the writing of this essay. But, there is hope for mankind in that some have dared to answer the question, rightly translated ‘to live or not to live?’ Is it nobler to think or act? Does the act of thinking, (in the mind to suffer), lessen the blows of life that wealth and fame can bring? Hamlet would say it makes no difference. Hamlet is not the first man to set out to perform a specific task and get side-tracked by so many distractions that grab at the mind like children in a candy store. Is it nobler? One would have to define ‘nobler.’ A good example of his more righteous (nobler) thought was trying to decide, within this same passage, if dying would be a copout to living. If he thought he could be considered a noble man by dying, then he would certainly be obliged to do so. However, there were all those other thoughts nagging at him. One such thought, sidetrack or interruption is found when he comes into the room where his mother is crying because Claudius is upset with her. The ill Claudius was feeling, though, could not be compared to what Hamlet was feeling. In a scene that can only be described as confusion trying to make sense of chaos, Hamlet manages to kill someone he suspects is Claudius hiding behind the tapestry. In the one moment he decides to act, he blows it royally (no pun intended). It is worth the mention that Hamlet does get around to doing both what he had revenged to do to Claudius and himself. But, in the end of the play there is the notion that he still could not make up his mind. Laertes forgives Hamlet for his and his father’s death and was also concerned that Hamlet would not blame him either. Hamlet does it as only Hamlet could; in his dying breath, after all the time he spent contemplating life and death he says: â€Å"Had I but time—â€Å".

Occupational Health and Safety Management Essay

Occupational Health and Safety Management - Essay Example The rest of this essay will lay out the benefits of providing a safe working environment by citing relevant legislative, financial and moral rationale. Legal Aspects: The Occupational Health, Safety and Welfare Act of 1986 will be the basic document of reference for my decisions and initiatives. Section 19 of the act is particularly relevant, for it outlays the duties of employers toward employee safety. This section notes that an employer must, â€Å"in respect of each employee employed or engaged by the employer, ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that the employee is, while at work, safe from injury and risks to health and, in particular, must provide and maintain so far as is reasonably practicable, a safe working environment, safe systems of work, plant and substances in a safe condition†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (www.austlii.edu.au, 2012) The OHSW Act is quite thorough in the range of clauses it includes, covering all contingencies and freak occurrences. As OHS Manager of a large national transport company, one of my primary challenges is in sorting and managing the slew of complaints, grievances and lawsuits that will be raised against the company, especially against the department. But rather than an antagonistic approach toward disposing these issues, an empathetic and compassionate approach will fetch better results. (Murphy & Cooper, 2000) After all, given the high risks taken by workers by involving themselves in the transportation business, one should respect their genuine concerns and seek to resolve them. The government of South Australia has heeded to the demands of workers of the region and has tightened its laws governing OHS. The verdict on recently held case Farrell v B & A Fisheries Pty Ltd [2012] SAIRC bears out this fact. (www.safework.sa.gov.au, 2012) Financial Aspects: From a financial point of view, the costs incurred by the management in building safety nets for workers are worth it in the long run. For example, offering them disability insurance, life insurance, installing air bags in transport vehicles, etc, are worthy investments when one considers the emotional and monetary distress that they would later save employees. Creating a feeling of security and trust among employees will benefit the company by reducing attrition rates, enhancing loyalty and increasing motivation level of employees. Hence, from a financial standpoint, every dollar spent toward building safety mechanisms for worker health, will indirectly boost the bottom line. Moreover, the provisions for fines in the OHSW Act, makes it prudent to invest in safety rather than pay for negligence and poor standards. For example, under the OHSW Act, a first offence would lead to a Division 2 fine and a subsequent offence a Division 1 fine. That preventing a mishap is wiser than paying after the fact is underscored by the elaborate dictates of the OHSW Act. The moral angle is also taken into account in the Act, as it states that â€Å"an employer must so far as is reasonably practicable, monitor the health and welfare of the employer’s employees in their employment with the employer, insofar as that monitoring is relevant to the prevention of work-related injuries† (www.austlii.edu.au, 2012) The verdict on Symons v Downer EDI Works Pty Ltd [2012]

The Things They Carried Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Things They Carried - Article Example In the rest of the story these items are used as a way of emphasizing the different kinds of emotional baggage that each man carries with him. Jimmy’s photographs signify his innocence and inexperience, while other photographs are used to remember partners and children. Some items denote rank, others denote role in the army, and still others provide much needed reminders of life at home, far from the war. One question which the book explores is how far the men live out their predestined fates – some returning from the war unharmed, while others are killed, and still others are damaged by physical or mental injury. By basing the story around these tiny objects, the author seems to be saying that people’s lives can be mapped out just from looking at what they have on their person. In some ways the book confirms this initial impression that everyone just follows a set plan, as if the objects are a map to the path that the person is fated to follow, but in other ways there is a deeper questioning of the whole meaning of war. It seems to me that the book is showing the reader that human life is not negotiable, and it is predestined to go a certain way, which in turn is decoded through everyday objects. It is true that people are largely controlled by a larger fate, but at the same time acts of heroism and love single out moments when people make moral choices, and this is not due to fate. The point is that acting out of free will is an exceptional thing, while following along a predetermined path is what most people find themselves

Debate speech for filibuster protocol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Debate speech for filibuster protocol - Essay Example However, is it plausible to argue that filibusters are bad in any debate? Filibusters cause delays to confirmations since at least 60% are from the oppositions as Sinclair 5. In these holds, the opponents always create opponents hostages. This inconsistency impose barring of nominees. In cases of partisanship rising, filibusters if not continuity that is coupled to consensus, bring about moderation. This is has been protecting public interests especially among the minority. It provides leverage that premise exhaustive examination of federal branch candidates. For instance, Davis Filibuster was a thirteen-hour speech to stop this controversial bill from approval by senate. Although senate republicans were unhappy with his breaking the filibuster rules, a commotion arose and votes could not be held ("Wendy Davis Filibuster to Block Abortion Bill") In this instance, Davies Wendy, prevented desperate measures of endings safe abortions and indeed there was need for clinics to upgrade their services to serving the public better. Briefly, it is important to impose a filibuster when a contradictory bill is brought to parliament to allow for necessary corrections on it to safeguard the interests of the

Telemedicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Telemedicine - Essay Example In some departments such as I.C.U and mental health, superior product is delivered. There was greater patient satisfaction and outcomes (Moehr et al., 2006). For more than forty years, telemedicine has been instrumental in delivering healthcare services to clients in marginalized geographical area. Telemedicine did not only improve patient access, but  also allowed health facilities and physicians to broaden their reach (Moehr et al., 2006). Since containing or reducing health care cost is a key consideration in operating a healthcare system, telehealth services come in handy. It has been shown that telemedicine increases efficiency and reduces healthcare cost through reduced travel trips, shared staffing of health professionals, better chronic diseases management are reduced hospital stays (Moehr et al., 2006). There was overall satisfaction of using the telemedicine services especially on those trained to use the services. There was faster sharing of information and consultations making even learning better. However, those who did not understand well how to utilize the telemedicine were often frustrated and resorted to the traditional face-to-face method (Lam, 2007). Access to the internet is the first requirement for setting up Telemedicine. Enough bandwidths are required to transmit video and audio data. Rural healthcare organizations may face the challenge of obtaining reliable and affordable broadband service. Imaging technologies and their peripherals are a necessity since they are the crucial part of telemedicine (Merrell & Doarn, 2007). They allow healthcare providers to hearand see patients in faraway places. Devices like digital stethoscopes aid in transmitting lung and heart sounds to a remote provider. Moehr, J. R., Schaafsma, J., Anglin, C., Pantazi, S. V., Grimm, N. A., & Anglin, S. (2006). Success factors for telehealth—a case study. International Journal of Medical

Write a report that encourages a IT company(your own company) to adopt Essay

Write a report that encourages a IT company(your own company) to adopt a policy that prevent internet misuse at workplace - Essay Example The result is that information that employees might prefer to keep confidential may be exchanged over the employers network. Answers to these questions are, obviously, well beyond the scope of this article, but the questions do serve to highlight some of the issues that may concern employees about having their online activities monitored at work, and give some insight into the kind of interests for which employees might believe that they are entitled to legal protection of their privacy. In May of 2001 one group of employees, after discovering that their e-mail and Internet use was being monitored, even ordered staff to disable the monitoring software. (Bassett, 2002, para. 8) I think they were right, because the employer did not let them know about the monitoring software, and there wasn’t any Internet use policy in the company. Also reputation of the company may suffer from thoughtless employees’ activities. Hines and Cramer consider reputation as a key component of any organization’s intellectual asset portfolio. Damage to reputation can mean huge differences in customer allegiance, shareholder confidence, sales and the bottom line. (Hines and Cramer, 2003, p.1) Really, employees can use Internet to disparage their existing or former employer. Internet chat rooms, bulletin boards, live journals and other Web sites can be used for this. They provide opportunity to communicate anonymously, at no cost and to an unlimited audience. Hines and Cramer note that technical and financial risk management tools are relatively ineffective for protecting reputation, and corporate defamation is frequently caused by existing or former employees, and that’s why organizations should focus more on protecting valuable reputation assets through the normative control – specifically, improved employment practices and education of employees. (Hines and Cramer, 2003, p.2) In a recent survey of 224 firms that utilized monitoring

Best training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Best training - Essay Example Reason for Ranking PNC and BB&T Banks top in Training Indeed, the reason explaining the high-ranking of the PNC and BB&T banks was their ability to embrace technology in training. Precisely, when the PNC bank automated the loan process and adopted the electronic system, they started the program that facilitated online learning (Guerrie, 2008). As a result, the users had to adjust to the new technology through virtual learning. Basically, the system increased the number of trainees, thereby, making the bank an intensive financial training institution. Due to the complex learning, the bank incorporated the experts in formulating the training design (Guerrie, 2008). In reality, the completed training design was in time, very effective and highly successful. In BB&T bank, their intention of developing the transferable and applicable learning technology made them a reputable training institution. In fact, the system was an innovative way of ensuring that the employees achieved excellence through learning. In addition, the technological training would help in integrating the vision, values and the business strategies (Guerrie, 2008). The approach was very creative and intended to make the company outstanding. Apparently, the creative and technological approach to the process of training, made the PNC and BB&T banks meet the highest ratings. ... As well, the training improved the workers performance, in terms of efficiency and effectiveness in the production process (Guerrie, 2008). The electronic system that the two corporations embraced replaced the manual operations, making the service delivery faster and right. In addition, the technology leveraged most of the tools used in the corporations and enhanced the relations among the employees, the customers and the stakeholders working with the corporations. In those aspects, the two corporations tied their training and development, specifically, to their strategic goals, corporate goals and the competitive edge to their competitors in the market. Ways where the Companies Represent the Best Practice Organizations for Learning and Development Notable, the paper has outlined that learning and development are complementary, meaning that one exist to complement the other. For example, training facilitates the development of a corporation. In this context, the PNC and BB&T Banks re present the best practice organizations for training and development, specifically in relation through adopting the practice of technological training. Indeed, the technological approach to training the workers is a modern practice that enhances efficiency and effectiveness of the work (Guerrie, 2008). Through the use of technology, the corporations meet accuracy and prompt execution of duties. Often, the application that aims at achieving the organizational goals is the best practice that it should embrace (Guerrie, 2008). For example, the training that the workers received shaped their performance culture to match the current organizational needs. Moreover, the training enabled the management to center on the transformation

Engineering ethics in Genetic Testing in Children Research Paper

Engineering ethics in Genetic Testing in Children - Research Paper Example Almost all infants born in the US will have their blood samples collected for the screening of a variety of hematologic, endocrine or metabolic conditions or their condition in relation to infectious conditions – during the week following their birth. These tests are administered under the oversight of the respective states, and the testing procedures were started after Guthrie’s call for the diagnosis of phenylketonuria in 1961 (Wilson and Jungner 473). Immediately after the enforcement of the policy, some groups were opposed to the recommendations, giving the reasons that the possibility of harm on some children and the lack of proper dietary intervention did not justify the administration of genetic testing (National Research Council 23). Later, in response to the expansion of public health screening, WHO (World Health Organization) called for the study that led to the 1968 recommendations by Wilson and Jungner (473), enumerating the conditions that met the criteria for mass screening. The policy recommendations remained in place for more than four decades, until the developments made in the field of medicine enabled some authorities to push for changes in the criteria used (Andermann et al. 317). However, irrespective of the changes that have been made, there is the general agreement that population-wide testing, the history of the subjects should be studied, the corrective procedures should be available, and cost-effective testing should be accessible (Institute of Medicine 57).

Health care cost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health care cost - Essay Example escalated by about thrity nine percent in the four year period between 1999 and 2003, while the hourly earnings during the same period have escalated by fourteen percent. This galloping health care costs that is affecting affordability of health care is the reason for concern. Any control measures need an understanding of the factors that are responsible for the escalation in health care costs. According to Ginsberg, 2004, advances in science and technology that has seen a rise in new technologies available to health care, is the prime driving force behind the escalation in health care costs. These new technologies have provided newer diagnostic tools and treatments in the medical care of patients. Many of these diagnostic procedures and treatments are much more expensive than the older diagnostic procedures and treatments. An example of this is the expense involved in magnetic resonance imaging, which increases the diagnostic costs significantly, where it is employed as a diagnostic aid. Some treatments may be more cost effective, and lead to less discomfort in patients, but it is these very same beneficial qualities that cause its higher rate of use, leading to increase in costs. Thus new technology is the main culprit in the escaltion of health care costs. Does that mean denying the use of new technology in health care is the solution to the vexing problem of escalating healthcare costs. The answer is no. For in doing so the benefits of advances in science and technology would be denied to the people. The solution rather lies in the judicious use of new technology in healthcare (Ginsberg, P., 2004). Health care costs cannot be eliminated, and need to be only controlled for, "health interventions are not free, people are not infinitely rich, and the budgets of [health care] programmes are limited. For every dollars worth of health care that is consumed, a dollar will be paid. While these payments can be laundered, disguised or hidden, they will not go away"

English Colonization Essay Example for Free

English Colonization Essay There is no other country than England that is so associated with colonization. Even though other countries like France, Spain, and even the United States have colonized countries, it is England who stands out because of the longevity of their practice of it. According to Merriam Webster, colonization means to make a colony which is a body of people living in a new territory but retaining ties with the parent state b: the territory inhabited by such a body. (Merriam Webster) The three most prominent acts of colonization of Great Britain are America, India, and Australia. During its peak, the British Empire was the largest in the world. There were many reasons for colonization and many of them were monetary reasons, but there were spiritual ones as well. One thing is certain and that is the effects of England on the countries she colonized will always be there. The effects run from the language spoken to the reproduction of the government. The reasons that England colonized the United States, Australia, and India were different for each country. The United States was referred to as America when England first colonized it. The main reason for the colonization was to obtain riches that would help England fight the Spanish Navy. The riches were not in abundance as the British hoped, but the natural resources that the â€Å"new world† offered would bring financial gain. Tobacco, indigo, rice, and cotton were the most prominent cash crops that were produced in the fertile ground of America. The only reason that the British colonized India was for trade. Raw materials and spices could be obtained in India and were a huge asset for the empire. The British dominated trade through protectionist measures that required Indian exports to be transported on British ships. The British focused on consolidating their sovereignty, acquiring lands by military conquest and by exploiting divisions among Indian states and religious groups. (The Story of India) The settlement of Australia was for trade and riches, but it was also for control and to have a base in the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific. Initially, relations between the explorers and the Aboriginal inhabitants were generally hospitable and based on understanding the terms of trading for food, water, axes, cloth and artifacts, a relationship encouraged by Governor Phillip. These relations became hostile as Aborigines realized that the land and resources upon which they depended and the order of their life were seriously disrupted by the on-going presence of the colonizers. ( European Discovery and Colonization of Australia) The effects of England’s colonization of the United States are still seen today. America desired independence from Great Britain, but still modeled her society on the mother country. The predominant language spoken is English and the predominant religion is Christianity as it is in Great Britain. At one time England was the most capitalistic country in the world and now the title belongs to the United States. In fact the economic system in the US is a mirror image of that in Great Britain. The US does not have a monarchy, yet Congress and Parliament are quite similar and the Prime Minister is similar to the position of president. The court system is also quite like that of the one in America. There is also a since of kinship between the United States and Great Britain. During the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, they have been the closest ally of the other. From fashion, movies, and music, these two countries mirror and rely on the other to compliment the endeavors of the other. The United States might have separated from Great Britain after the Revolution as far as the formation of a new government, but they have remained joined in all other aspects. The continent of Australia is now a dominion of Great Britain. They too share the same type of government and language as England. Besides these two effects, Australia has also been negatively affected by colonization. When the major cities were developed by the British, much of the surrounding native wilderness was destroyed by those who desired to clear the land for building and agricultural purposes. This clearing, destroyed the natural habitat of many plants and animals that were indigenous to the continent. So because of the British colonization, Australia’s natural resources are now different. The major effect of colonization of England on India was the modernization of the country. Great Britain brought many technological advances to the country and was instrumental in the transportation system of India. British spread new technologies such as the telegraph, railroad, and steam transportation throughout the region. This transportation network continues to flourish and grow to this day. (The Story of India) India is also affected by the language of Great Britain. Religion was a secondary reason for colonization in Australia and America. America was sparsely populated with different tribes of Native Americans. The Church of England felt that it should be its mission to make Christian out of these â€Å"savages† who lived in the new world. Since the tribes were not united, it was easier to infiltrate and push the religion on the natives. The same was true in Australia. The continent was thinly populated and the Aborigines were the only true natives of the island. This also made it easier for the Church of England to do the mission work that it intended to do. However, India was quite a different story. It was a country that was densely populated and the people were not as diversified as the tribes in America. Hinduism was an established religion that was difficult to penetrate the ideas of Christianity. The native Indians had such an established culture that the British made the least impression on them than the other two countries. Some ideas of modern society have infiltrated the Indian culture, but the majority of the culture is the same. The Native Americans were mistreated by the English colonist and this thought carried through the next few generations to the point that they were pushed back by the British settlers. They were eventually stripped of their land and now the majority of the Native Americans live on reservations. The Aborigines, the native Australians, are presently in a transformation of acceptance by the English settler’s decedents. For years they were extremely prejudiced against and even had their children stolen from them in the mid twentieth century. The children were taken to orphanages and then farmed out to white families in an attempt to allow them to mingle and eventually breed the native Aborigines bloodline out of them. The effect of British colonization was not kind to the original inhabitants of any of the countries that were the target of this empire. The sun finally sets on the British Empire because Great Britain is no longer the largest empire in the world. When it was, they affected many nations and cultures. In the world we live in today and with the help of the United Nations, it is unlikely that there will ever be an empire as that of the British ever again. References Anglican Timeline. Retrieved December 27, 2008 from http://justus. anglican. org/resources/timeline/09america. html â€Å"British Education in India. † South Asian History. Retrieved December 27, 2008 from http://india_resource. tripod. com/britishedu. htm â€Å"Colonization. † Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved December 28, 2008, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/colonization â€Å"Elizabeth’s Adventures: Colonizing America. † NMM. UK. Retrieved December 27, 2008 from http://www. nmm. ac. uk/explore/sea-and-ships/in-depth/elizabeth/elizabeths-adventurers/colonizing-america â€Å"European Discovery and the Colonization of Australia. † Australian Government. Retrieved December 27, 2008 from http://www. cultureandrecreation. gov. au/articles/australianhistory/ Robinson, Simon. â€Å"How India Colonized Britain. † Time. Retrieved December 27, 2008 from http://www. time. com/time/world/article/0,8599,1730172,00. html â€Å"The Story of India. † PBS. Retrieved December 27, 2008 from http://www. pbs. org/thestoryofindia/gallery/photos/21. html

Costing and Budgeting Case Study

Costing and Budgeting Case Study Accounting is a key success of a business, but the word accounting is more sophisticated. Almost every business, before dealing any project or any other important function, should design an appropriate budget. To make the budget first we should think about the cost because the cost of the production is always variable. A well-planned budget will bring success for a project. In my academic case study, I have to make a budget for Rayners plc. Company, which is a renowned company in the UK. Cost classification: P1 In the managerial accounting the word cost is using various ways. The main reason is that there are many types of costs, and these costs are classified differently according to the certain management process. For example, managers may want cost data to prepare external financial reports, to prepare planning budgets, or to make decisions. There are some relevant costing methods according to the task: Direct/Indirect cost: Direct cost is a cost where everything counting easily and conveniently traced to the particular cost object. But it is not incurred due to the product or activity countless. On the other hand indirect cost is fully reverse of the direct cost where counting process is more sophisticated and inconvenience and it incurred even productivity or activity change. Prime cost: The cost normally counting for labour and material to make product. This cost depend on ability and capacity of the labour that how much performed they are to make production and which way is the best way to use material. Fixed cost: A cost which is not only related to production is called fixed costs. In other words, it is a cost that remains constant even with variations circumstances and situations. VARIABLE COST: Variable costistotally opposite word of fixed cost. When a cost which is varies exactly in proportion to the change in activity (production or sale) would be term as variable cost. This is sometime called engineering cost or a formula cost and can be calculated in advance. Full Absorption cost: A managerialaccounting cost method of expensing all costs associated with manufacturing a particular product. Absorption costinguses the total direct costs and overhead costs associated with manufacturing a product as the cost base. Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) require absorption costing for external reporting. Costing methods: (P2) According to the marginal cost, another name of fixed cost is period cost that means one need to deduct the total cost from contributions where under absorption costing, fixed cost is part of unit cost/production cost. Therefore deduct the total FC from contributions. Fixed cost does not change at any level of activity. F.O.A.R = Budget O/H Budget Activity (Note that if budget is equal to Actual production, then the absorption will be same). Now, if we will analyse the information and data as a case study of Rayners plc. Year 1 Marginal Costing method: 108,000 Sales: 90,000 X 12 Less cost of production Opening Inventory 0 Add productions (100,000 X 5) 500,000 500,000 Less closing Inventory (10,000X5) 50000 450,000 Contribution 630,000 Less Total FC: Production (270,000) Admin Costing (20,000) Net Profit 340,000 Year1Absorption costing method:  £  £ 108,000 Sales (90,000X12) Less cost of production Opening Inventory 0 Add production (100,000X5) 800,000 800,000 Less closing Inventory (10000X8) (80,000) Cost of production (720,000) Gross profit 360,000 Over absorbed (10,000X3) 30,000 Less admin cost (20,000) Net profit 370,000 Reconciliation statements:  £  £ Absorption profit 370,000 Les increase in Inventory (Closing inventory opening inventory) Multiply by F.O.A.R (10,000 0) X 3 (30,000) Marginal profit 340,000 Year2 Marginal costing statement:  £  £ Sales (110,000X 12) 132,000 Less cost of production Opening Inventory (10,000X5) 50,000 Add production (110,000X5) 550,000 600,000 Less Closing Inventory (10000X5) (50,000) 550,000 Contribution 770,000 Less total FC: Production (270,000) Admin (20,000) Net Profit 480,000 Year 2 Absorption costing statement:  £  £ Sales 132,000 Less cost of production Opening inventory (10000X8) 80,000 Add production (110,000X5) 800,000 900,000 Less closing Inventory (10,000X8) 80,000 (880,000) 440,000 Over absorption (20,000X3) 60,000 Less admin cost (20,000) Net profit 480,000 Year 3 Marginal costing statement:  £  £ Sales (750,000X12) 1140,000 Less cost of production Opening inventory (10,000X5) 50,000 Production (90,000X5) 450,000 500,000 Less closing inventory (5000X5) 25,000 (475,000) Contribution 665,000 Less total fixed cost: Production (270,000) Less total fixed cost: Admin 120,000 Net Profit 375,000 Year 3 Absorption costing statement:  £ Sales 140,000 Less cost of production Opening Inventory (10,000X8) 80000 Add production (90,000X8) 720,000 800,000 Less closing inventory (5000X5) 40,000 (760,000) Gross Profit 380,000 Less Admin (20,000) Net profit 360,000 Reconciliation Statement: Absorption profit 360,000 Add decrease in inventory (5000-10000) X 3 15,000 Marginal profit 375,000 Unit cost: (P3) According to the data of the Rayners plc and using the marginal costing method the unit cost is: Direct material 2 Direct labour1 Prime Cost 3 VC/Unit 2 Marginal cost 5 So according to the marginal cost the value of each unit will be  £5. F.O.A.A (unit) 3 Absorption cost 8 Full cost/Total cost 8 F O A R Budgeted F/C Budgeted Of Level Activity= X/90000 = £3 X= £270000 (Budgeted Of Overhead Collect analyse and present data using appropriate techniques. (P4) In the management accounting there are different ways to collect data for the business. The basic role is the participants a taste of the various tools and techniques available for collecting monitoring and evaluation data. Participants focus on what makes a good questionnaire and discuss tips on how to conduct interviews and focus groups. Participants also have the opportunity to explore more visual, participatory tools so that they can choose which methods are most appropriate for collecting information from their particular stakeholders. Moreover, the source of information that means the entire item for particular enquiry. E.g. invoices, customers and to show these customers feedback those are will be taken into consideration for further used of data collected. Another important technique to analyse and collect data is various sampling such as: Random sampling: This is the purest form of probability sampling. Because due to the large group of population it is really difficult and not possible to identify every member of the population, so the pool of available subjects becomes biased. Systematic sampling: It is often used as a random sampling. Another name of the sampling is selection technique. Its only advantage over the random sampling technique is simplicity. Systematic sampling is frequently used to select a specified number of records from a computer file. Convenience sampling: It is used in exploratory research where the researcher is interested in getting an inexpensive approximation of the truth. As the name implies, the sample is selected because they are convenient. Judgment sampling: One common non probability method isJudgment sampling. The researcher selects the sample based on judgment. This is usually and extension of convenience sampling. Quota sample: This is a sample method where items, usually people, are selected in a given quantities and according to pre-defined characteristics. These different methods are used for different purpose where user must identify a sampling method in order to review the presentation at the intention. These methods can also be used in a wide range of area and activity where there is lots of member with different types of users. Routine cost report: (P5) The report generally include the financial performance for the end of the year .E.g. Profit, Debit, share, price and dividends. It will also advice about transfers to reserves, assets that have been acquired or disposed of the names and shareholding of directors active in the last year, and other business activates that will be interested to stakeholders. Even, sometimes the report also cover the business polices on employment, training, welfare, creditor, creditor payment and corporate responsibility as well. There are some different ways to finding cost report: Monitoring Cost: Cost monitoring means supervising the economic progress in the management system in the business. This is the main reason of cost or expense monitoring is collecting information to check performance against an expectation. Controlling: Cost controlling is process where the common goal of the management is improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations. Planning: It is called a plan make supreme success. In term of business it is invincible part to make appropriate costing plan.It comprises iterative quantification and costing, derived from benchmarking and market exploration exercises, and is aimed at establishing a realistic and acceptable cost limit. This information is critical for obtaining project financing and for determining whether a project can be profitable or not. Without cost planning, property owners would enter blindly into construction projects and possibly into insolvency. Evaluation: Evaluating the cost of the overall business management is really sophisticated task. According to the business activity there are three types of evaluation specification: Background: Background means description, context, scope and objective of the business. The Selection Process: Analyse briefly the selection process, starting with the advertising the establishment of the shortlist, expressions of interest, and withdrawals of firms before proposal submissions. Technical evaluation: Describe briefly the meetings and actions taken by the evaluation committee formation of a technical evaluation team, outside assistance, evaluation guidelines, justification of sub criteria and associated weightings as indicated in the Standard Request for Proposals; relevant correspondence and compliance. Profitability Ratio: (p6) 1)Gross profit margin =gross profit/sale*100 = xf 2)Net profit margin = PBIT/sales*100 = xf 3) Retained on capital employed = PBIT/capital employed*100 = xf 4) Assets= sales/capital employed = x times Efficiency ratio: Lido ltd New ltd. Assets = 640/350+75 Assets=1600/1600+20 =1.5 times =.987 Productivity Unit produce for employees 20000/34 =588 unit 5000/78=64.1 Operating profit margin 128/640*100=20 256/1600*100 =16 Cost productivity Operating profit per employee 128/34 =3.77 256/78=3.28 Principles of quality: (P7) The basic principle of Total quality management is that costs of prevention are less than the costs of correction. There are various types of roles are involved in term of quality: Assurance: Quality assurance focuses on preventing faulty occurring, instead of fixing them afterwards (which is the quality control approach). Describe everything to find out the causes of defects are identified and ways to fix the system to make sure the problem doesnt happen again are agreed. Reliability: The most important and valuable principles of quality are consistency and reliability. Each link in the quality chain must deliver to the next link on time, in the quantity ordered, to the right specification and at the agreed price, time after time after time. Customer-driven: customer driven quality means many things to many people, in the end it is the customers opinion that counts. In these cases the customers quality ideals must be met every step of the way from the farm to the marketplace. Continuous Improvement: This is an essential part of any good quality system. The market environment for popular product is always changing and highly competitive, so the popular programme must constantly evolve to ensure the industry stays ahead of the completion. Principles of value: Implementing the Principle of Value requires leadership and management with particular, conscious focus and intent.It is always to develop and sustain durable, value-driven, win-win relationships. Everything can be evaluating by relative activity such as Products for payment Salary for performance Investment for profits. Everywhere we look, we see win-win relationships as the core of durable success. If we lose those relationships, we eventually lose everything. Another important principle is core value which is completely design by roles of fairy, ethos, human morality, dignity, and customer service. If an organization does not cause its members to understand and focus on these important elements, it will soon find participants becoming solely profit-centric. This behaviour inevitably leads to a short-term focus and potentially illegal practices that provide the seeds of self-destruction. Remember that management is to build business value by making the right decisions; and, decisio ns about core values are essential. Purpose and nature of Budget: (P8) Budgeting is a basic and essential process in a business which allows businesses to gain many goals in one course of action.The budgeting process may be carried out by individuals or by companies to estimate whether the person/company can continue to operate with its projected income and expenses. There are several purposes to create and implement a budget include control and evaluation, planning, communication, and motivation. Control and Evaluation This is most important matter after finalized a budget is providing sufficient control and evaluating its performance.If performance does not meet the budget, action can be taken immediately to adjust activities. Budgeting allows a company to have a certain range of control over costs, such as reducing many types of unnecessary expenses or assigning responsibility for these expenses. A budget also gives a company a benchmark by which to evaluate business units, departments, and even individual managers. Unfortunately this purpose of budgeting may be effect on employees to have negative thinking about the budgeting process because their compensation and, in certain situation, even their jobs may be operating on meeting certain budgeting target. Planning Planning is initial purpose of budgeting. It is also design by decisions, and many questions must be answered. Besides that, budgeting allows a business to take stock of revenue and expenses from the previous period, and judge where the business will be in future periods. It also allows the organization to add and remove products and services from its plan for the future period. Communication and Motivation: Other goals that an organization may use its budget to achieve that are less obvious include communication and motivation. It is important that make correlation according to the chain of command like from management level to supervisor level, this is only to gain mentally satisfaction of the staff. When an employee is involved in creating his or her departments budget, that person will be more likely to strive to achieve that budget. Budgets also allow a company to motivate its employees by involving them in the budget. Budgeting method: (p9) A budget is an individual and written estimate of how an organization or a particular project, or business unit willperform financially. If we can accurately predict our companys performance than we will be certain that resources such as money, people, equipment, manufacturing plants, and the like are deployed appropriately. There is various kind of budgeting are available for a business such as: Cash budget: An important estimate of a companys cash position for a particular period of time. . Labor budget: The total cost for labor to be expended for a set period of time calculated by taking every persons position in an organization, department, or project and multiplying the number of hours they are expected to work by their wage rates. Sales budget: An estimate of the quantity of goods and services that will be sold during a specific period of time. Production budget: A forecast thatstarts with the sales budgets estimates of the total number of units projected to be sold, then translates this information into estimates of the cost of labor, material, and other expenses required to produce them. Expense budget: An estimate prepared for travel, utilities, office supplies, telephone, and many other common business expenses for a given period. Incremental Budget: These types of budget are normally starts with previous periods budget or actual results and add an incremental amount to cover for inflation and other known changes. Advantages of incremental budgeting The budget is stable and change is gradual. Managers can operate their departments on a consistent basis. The system is relatively simple to operate and easy to understand. The impact of change can be seen quickly. Disadvantages of incremental budgeting Assumes activities and methods of working will continue in the same way. No incentive for developing new ideas. No incentives to reduce costs. Encourages spending up to the budget so that the budget is maintained next year. The budget may become out of date and no longer relate to the level of activity or type of work being carried out. Zero-based budget: This is a traditional technique of planning and decision-making which reverses the working process. By contrast with incremental budgeting, in zero-based budgeting, every department function is reviewed comprehensively and all expenditures must be approved, rather than only increases. Advantages Drives managers to find cost effective ways to improve operations. Detects inflated budgets. Useful for service departments where the output is difficult to identify. Increases communication and coordination within the organization. Identifies and eliminates wasteful and obsolete operations. Identifies opportunities for outsourcing. It responds to changes in the business environment. Disadvantages It emphasize short-term benefits to the detriment of long term goals The budgeting process may become too rigid and the organisation may not be able to react to unforeseen opportunities or threats Difficult to define decision units and decision packages, as it is time-consuming and exhaustive. Forced to justify every detail related to expenditure. The RD department is threatened whereas the production department benefits. According to the previous discussion it is clear that Zero-based budgeting is must be clearly understood by managers at various levels to be successfully implemented. But every organisation should provide Necessary training to manager. According to the case study there are four types of budgets will be explaining.

The Essence Of Mbo Business Essay

The Essence Of Mbo Business Essay The use of management objectives was first widely advocated in the 1950s by the noted management theorist Peter Drucker. It can be defined as a process whereby the employees and the superiors come together to identify common goals, the employees set their goals to be achieved, the standards to be taken as the criteria for measurement of their performance and contribution and deciding the course of action to be followed. The essence of MBO is participative goal setting, choosing course of actions and decision making. An important part of the MBO is the measurement and the comparison of the employees actual performance with the standards set Ideally, when employees themselves have been involved with the goal setting and the choosing the course of action to be followed by them, they are more likely to fulfill their responsibilities. THE PROCESS OF MBO: Management by objectives (MBO) involves setting specific measurable goals with each employee and then periodically discussing his/her progress toward these goals. The term MBO almost always refers to a comprehensive organization-wide goal setting and appraisal program that consist of six main steps: Set the organizations goals. Establish organization-wide plan for next year and set goals. Set departmental goals. Here department heads and their superiors jointly set goals for their departments Discuss and allocate department goals. Department heads discuss the departments goals with all subordinates in the department (often at a department-wide meeting) and ask them to develop their own individual goals; in other words, how can each employee contribute to the departments attaining its goals. Define expected results (set individual goals). Here, department heads and their subordinates set short-term performance targets. Performance review and measure the results. Department heads compare actual performance for each employee with expected results. Provide feedback. Department heads hold periodic performance review meetings with subordinates to discuss and evaluate progress in achieving expected results. MBO appraisals are suitable for measuring quantitative and qualitative output of high-level employees. High-level employees such as managers generally report to directors, according to hierarchy and the chain of authority present in many organizations. Therefore, managers and the directors or executives they report to often work together to establish MBO goals for this type of appraisal. Performance Appraisal : A Look Employers use performance appraisals to measure both the quantity and quality of production. Performance appraisals typically are conducted annually, and employers often base decisions about salary raises, wage increases and year-end bonuses on employee performance. An MBO appraisal is just one method among several types of performance measurement tools. Others include: Graphic Ratings Scales, Narrative Evaluations, 360-Degree Appraisals, Peer Evaluations, Forced Ranking Or Differentiation Appraisals. One well-regarded and widely used approach to performance appraisal is called MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES (MBO). By definition, under this method, you evaluate your employees on the basis of results. MBO is more than performance appraisal its a construct for managing the entire organization. Its breadth includes the organizations vision, values, strategies, goals, and performance measurement. MBO (management by objectives) methods of performance appraisal are results-oriented. That is, they seek to measure employee performance by examining the extent to which predetermined work objectives have been met. MBO begins with managers at the top of the company setting goals. Then managers and employees at each successively lower level develop their own goals. Employees goals are designed to support the goals of their own managers. In this way, the entire organization is linked together in the pursuit of objectives. The focus is on outcomes that are clear, specific, measurable, and supported by action plans, benchmark dates, and deadlines. All aspects of the goal-setting process also apply to the employees personal and developmental goals, such as building their skills or knowledge base. Once an objective is agreed, the employee is usually expected to self-audit; that is, to identify the skills needed to achieve the objective. Typically they do not rely on others to locate and specify their strengths and weaknesses. They are expected to monitor their own development and progress. After employees meet with their managers to establish their goals and action plans, the employees return to work newly energized and focused on specific short-term and longer-term targets. Simultaneously, their managers monitor the employees performance, provide coaching and support, remove barriers or help employees overcome them, and make adjustments and course corrections as necessary. The employees performance and progress are clear, measured, documented, and transparent every step of the way. Employees are highly motivated through MBO because theyve been able to actively participate in the process of setting goals, instead of simply having the goals dumped on them. Their involvement in this type of decision-making helps meet many of their higher-level needs for accomplishment, achievement, recognition, and self-worth. MBO brings a wide range of advantages to the appraisal process: It helps build relationships between managers and employees. MBO includes a great deal of contact and communication between managers and their employees, which builds camaraderie, communication, and trust all key elements in strengthening teamwork. It fosters a comfortable climate in the workplace. MBO helps build an atmosphere of respect and trust within a given department and beyond. Because managers work directly with employees to identify and solve problems, MBO improves the quality of decision-making and problem solving. Its fair. Employees are evaluated on the basis of their performance and attainment of goals, which is regarded as fair and energizing. Its quick and easy. Performance evaluation forms associated with MBO are a breeze to complete. Typically, they spell out each objective as established at the beginning of the cycle, and then provide a space for the manager to summarize the results. Some MBO forms also include a scale that asks for a numerical assessment of the employees success in meeting their goals. These scales guide the managers in the rating process by including specific descriptions of excellent, good, fair, and poor levels of goal attainment. Management by Objectives and performance appraisal: The MBO approach overcomes some of the problems that arise as a result of assuming that the employee traits needed for job success can be reliably identified and measured. Instead of assuming traits, the MBO method concentrates on actual outcomes. If the employee meets or exceeds the set objectives, then he or she has demonstrated an acceptable level of job performance. Employees are judged according to real outcomes, and not on their potential for success, or on someones subjective opinion of their abilities. The guiding principle of the MBO approach is that direct results can be observed, whereas the traits and attributes of employees (which may or may not contribute to performance) must be guessed at or inferred. The MBO method recognizes the fact that it is difficult to neatly dissect all the complex and varied elements that go to make up employee performance. MBO advocates claim that the performance of employees cannot be broken up into so many constituent parts as one might take apart an engine to study it. But put all the parts together and the performance may be directly observed and measured. CONCLUSION: Although OD emphasizes the macro aspects of the organization, the individual is not ignored. In fact, individual developmental aspirations are identified and integrated with management development; managerial needs are translated into personal development objectives and action plans. Management by Objectives, the widely acclaimed and applied approach to management, has undergone considerable change over the years. In its early development, MBO was primarily an appraisal tool. Next, it integrated individual needs with organizational objectives. MBO was then expanded to include long range, strategic planning. But to remain a viable and effective managerial system, MBO must continue to evolve. New knowledge, where appropriate, must be merged with MBO. The inputs to the organization are transformed through the MBO process to produce the outputs. To be sure, this new MBO model is complex, but so is management. MBO must continue its evolutionary path and continue to aid, not add to, the work of the manager.

Doubt Of Shakespeares Authorship Of His Plays Essay -- essays research

Doubt of Shakespeare's Authorship of His Plays Over the years, various persons have expressed doubt as to the authorship of William Shakespeare. These doubts are as old as his plays. American author, Henry James once said, "I am haunted by the conviction that the divine William is the biggest and the most successful fraud ever practiced on a patient world. (Hoffman 27) On the other hand, author Calvin Hoffman was convinced that Shakespeare was "the author of the most magnificent English dramatic prose and poetry ever written. (Hoffman 27) But, he reiterated this belief nineteen years later, stating, "They are magnificent! Only, William Shakespeare of Stratford-on- Avon never wrote the plays and poems." (Hoffman 27) Crime, guilt, fraud, exile, hate, deceit, and murder are all woven into this shroud of authorship that hides the identity of the world's most renowned writer. Cranks have proposed over fifty candidates for authorship, from Queen Elizabeth to the Jesiuts. Although many doubt that William Shakespeare ever wrote the works attributed to him, some still resort to pro-Shakespearean arguments. John Drinkwater, author and believer, felt that the flowers, banks, brooks, pastures, and woodlands of Shakespeare's boyhood home, Stratford, were all transfigured in his plays by his wonderful verse, but yet they still remained the scenes to which he was bred. Drinkwater believed too, that not only in Shakespeare's humble folk, shepherds, gardeners, and serving men, but also in his princes and kings, he reflected the humanity with which he was familiar in Stratford. The knowledge and wisdom he acquired directly from his own enviroment was quite true to life. Drinkwater also said that mere book- knowledge in Shakespeare's works was usually incorrect because he used knowledge outside the range of his own experiences, with a "grand audacity." It is true that William Shakespeare attended grammar school in Stratford, and tha he acquired some competence in Latin and gained a limited knowledge of English history. There was a period of time in his life referred to as his "dark years," and this period of time may have been subjected to influences making for high culture. Records say too, that Shakespeare left Stratford in 1585 and went on the stage in 1590. During this time he could have attended Cambridge or worked in a lawyer's ... ...Shakespeare's did. Bacon and Shakespeare viewed the world differently. Finally, some disbelievers support another candidate, William Stanley, the 6th Earl of Derby, who was interested in drama, and became a patron of a company of actors. Several poems showed signs of early and immature Shakespeare, but he was a boy at that time. One was signed in Derby's handwriting, and three signed "William Shakespeare." His motive- like de Vere'swould have been to avoid association of his family name with the lower social order of the stage. Was Shakespeare hinting at his name through word play? His verses, such as "... every word doth almost tell my name..." seem to be an attempt to reveal his name. Another line says, "Whats in a name?" Sonnet III says, "Hence comes it that my name receives a brand," and " my name be buried where my body is...." In conclusion, curiosity has indeed been aroused for many , many years. Hundreds of theories and shreds of proof have been gathered, but the world will always wonder and waver between doubt and belief in William Shakespeare. So, the question still remains, "Was Shakespeare really Shakespeare?"

Heart of Darkness and Lord of the Flies :: comparison compare contrast essays

Heart of Darkness and Lord of the Flies    Seldom are works as brilliantly written as Conrad's Heart of Darkness or Golding's Lord of the Flies.   There are effective comparisons and contrasts between the two novels. The novels deal with many similar issues and contain many of the same themes.      Many of the themes present in Heart of Darkness and also present in Lord of the Flies.   Both novels deal with the theme of civilization versus savagery.   Also, both novels imply that every man has a heart of darkness or an evil that is usually drowned out by the light of civilization. However, when removed from civilized society, the raw evil of untamed lifestyles within his soul will be unleashed. For example,   in the Heart of Darkness the main character Marlow journeys up the Thames river and as he gets further away from civilization, the more he journey's into a heart of darkness.   A darkness where societal morals no longer exist and savagery has taken over.   In the Lord of the Flies the boys in the novel are stranded on an island and the longer they stay on the island and are absent from civilization the more savage like they become.         Another similarity between the two novels is that the parallels between the protagonists and the antagonists are quite similar.   Both the novels have a character who willingly gives into his heart of darkness, and a character who sees the savagery of those who are consumed and fights to return to civilization.   For example, in the Heart of Darkness Kurtz gave into his heart of darkness and let his evil tendencies take over.   He was a one point a man who values morals but gave into his evil side when removed from civilization.   Marlow on the other hand also journeys away from civilization but he does not let his values deteriorate such as Kurtz.   In Lord of the Flies Jack gave into his evil side and becomes savage like, and begins turning against the ones who were his friends.   Ralph on the other hand was not as easily consumed by his evil side.   Until his death, Ralph   realized the savagery of the others especially Jack.

Broadcasting in the UK Essay -- Television TV Antenna Digital Essays P

Broadcasting in the UK Introduction: Broadcasting, the transmission of information by radio or television, is a major factor affecting the television industry today. Broadcasting is currently achieved through analogue, a system that has existed since television began in the 1940’s and 50’s. "Analogue converts sound and pictures into waves, which are then transmitted through the air and picked up by our rooftops or indoor aerials." But, because of rapid technological advances in the modern era, analogue will soon be obsolete, and is presently in the process of being replaced by digital broadcasting, the new form of broadcasting that "turns pictures and sound into computer language, which changes one’s television into a form of computer, so that it can connect to the Internet, take interactive programs, and carry many more channels," all of which cannot be accomplished through analogue. As modern technology grows, the television industry is introduced to major issues, such as low consumer confidence, analogue switch-off difficulties, and the lack of technical skills. And unless these problems are resolved soon, they will lead to the collapse of the television industry. Lack of skills: Concerns associated with employee technical skills is becoming very common in the digital TV industry. The industry fears that its employees may lack the advanced technical knowledge required for the future. Its major concern right now is to find the right people with the right skills to effectively implement future strategies. Digital TV companies must become much more competent, innovative and creative, which means that its employees must be willing to develop themselves and their company in order to sustain the industry. As many are aware, IT skills will be very essential to the well-being of the industry. Because a number of shoppers today are already purchasing products online – and Internet access via digital TV exists, advanced IT skills are definitely required for the future health of the digital TV industry. However, since the demand for specialist IT skills is increasing and the human resources are limited, there exists a shortfall – one that appears to worsen . It has been reported by e-commerce consultancy, Spectrum Strategy, that over 850,000 e-business jobs could be created in Britain by 2003. But unfortunately, due to skills shortages, the digital TV indu... ...emove public confusion. However, ONDigital and SkyDigital have also pursued a common plan. Both companies have negotiated a plan with the UK Parliament to aid their shared issue. But unfortunately for both, Parliament has not yet conducted any of its promised public info campaigns. Conclusion: In conclusion, the future of digital television is unpredictable. Who knows where our high-tech society will end up next? Because technological advances are happening "right before our eyes," the TV industry is forced to "keep up with" modern technology. If this cannot be accomplished effectively, the industry will experience its gradual downfall. The UK government must help the industry "stay on track" and ensure that its products are agreeable to public interest. But in order to do so, Parliament must take a serious stand on the issue and motivate itself to promote public awareness of the benefits of converting to digital TV. If Parliament fails to play an "active" role, results for the television industry will be extremely negative. Not only will this give the industry a "bad" reputation, but it will also cause the Parliament itself to have a long-term negativereputation as well.

Review of Related Studies Essay

A lot has been written about what supply management is, and how it relates not only to similar terms and to concept like purchasing, procuring, and sourcing, but also to concepts like management, logistics, and supply chain management. Most authors differentiate purchasing, procurement, sourcing, and supply management as follows: they start by stating that purchasing includes operational activities that are carried out more or less exclusively by one department, namely the purchasing department. The sequence of activities here usually starts with the need identification and ends with the tracking of purchasing activities. Procurement is then defined as being broader in scope and including some activities of strategic relevance. According to Dobler/Burt (1996), procurement includes not only purchasing but also tasks that are strategic in nature. The same logic is then applied to supply management as figure 1 shows. See on page 38 for the figure. Monczka/Trent/Handfield(1998) use the terms purchasing and procurement interchangeable throughout their book. In their view, purchasing and procurement are functional activities that â€Å"most often refer to day-to-day management of material flows and information†. They also define sourcing â€Å"a cross functional process that involves member of the firm other than those who work in the purchasing department, the sourcing management team may include members from engineering, quality, design, manufacturing, marketing, accounting, strategic planning, and other department† Kaufmann (1995) describe sourcing; â€Å"an integrative management approach to designing all supplier relations in the sense of a total relationship management† Arnold (1997) uses the term supply management as an umbrella term for the concept of procurement, materials management, and logistics. According to him, the latter includes inbound logistics, and internal logistics, as well as outbound logistics. Tempelmeier (1995) defines purchasing as contract-centered (as opposed to logistical activities implying the physical movement of goods). He defines procurement as all activities aiming at supplying the company with needed inputs. Corsten (1995) the process of purchasing denotes the act of acquiring the property right of the procurement goods. He defines procurement in a similar way as Tempelmeier. Sourcing is the process of planning and handling outside sources. He defines supply management as procurement with a strategic focus that acts proactively and contributes significantly to company performance. Koppelmann (1995) uses the term Procurement Marketing for nearly exactly the same set of activities as Dobler/Burt do for supply management. There is also some discussion about the types of purchases that fall under each of the definitions. International authors like Dobler/Burt (1996), Monczka/Trent/Handfield (1998), and van Weele (1995) restrict the scope of purchasing, procurement, sourcing or supply management to materials, services, and capital equipment. They do not include the supply of the company with financial resources or personnel. German authors like Arnold (1997), Fieten (1986), Pieper/Pfohl (1993), Tempelmeier (1995) argue differently: They say that from a theoretical standpoint all inputs have to be considered. Some of them like Arnold and Pieper/Pfohl however, pragmatically restrict the scope of purchasing, procurement, or supply management to materials.

Black People and Samuel L. Jackson Essay

Who is she today and what is her course?Pre gradientnt of brown universityWhere was she born? When?Grapeland TX1940What did her parents do?How many people were in her family?They were piece of land croppers14What was her life like as a little girl? Explain in several sentences. Also, intromit the specific enlarge of sensory imagery she lend oneselfs to enhance her description.She was a step out of hard workerry in that location were hundreds of people living in itA bucket with syrup a cookie and bacon grease in itWhen did ruths life set up, or change? How did this shift change her life? Be specific, and include details. 1950s they joined the vast migrations of African Americans to big cities She moved to Huston TXExplain the call sharecropping. Use a section of commiserations own words to bring about your description. Where in turn for slavery they got a little amount of money from the slave holderExplain the term Jim boast South. Use a section of Ruths own words to sweep through your description. dont ever have words back to a etiolated person, if your on the sidewalk and you encounter a white person step off the side walk and let them pass and we refuse not break the rules for fear of what would pass alongInterview with Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Samuel L. capital of MississippiWeb address http//video.pbs.org/video/2227535116 henry LOUIS GATES, JR.Where did he live as a peasant?Explain his primal life in a a few(prenominal) sentences.They lived in three segregated neighborhoods. The food color of their skin determined what they could do and what schools they could take care where they could work and with whom they could socialize. It bonded them together culturally.SAMUEL L. JACKSONWhere did he live as a child?Down town Chattanooga TennesseeWhen did he leave, and why?By his 18th birthday, and to search moorhouse collageDescribe his childhood collection plate? Embed a quote into your answer. take on sensory imagery for your answer. The black conjunction was very small.Describe his family, and explain how he felt about them.Who said, Segregation could chatter many limits, but it couldnt solely crush all of our dreams?*Remember when you use exact words and phrases, use strait-laced documentation.

Ranbaxy Case Project Essay

Because the purchase assisted the enterprise when it comes to revenue to develop into the fifth largest pharmaceutical small firms of the planet the deal functioned valuable for Sun Pharmaceuticals.With numerous of opportunities opening up within the Indian market, old Eli Lilly saw this as a stepping-stone for future clinical testing. Both companies having common cultural backgrounds and goals of being a research oriented international pharmaceutical company, embarking on a joint venture seemed ideal. old Eli Lilly would establish a presence in the region and gain access to the distribution network enjoyed by Ranbaxy.Furthermore, this JV would result in lower costs in production as well as basic research, which are considerable factors in their broad strategy.Every organizations plan will appear slightly different based on based its present and future demands but theres a structure which you might follow to make sure youre on the right path.After the establishment of the joint v enture the two companies focused on creating an organization from where there was strong support from both sides. Many employees had an equal opportunity to establish a legitimate career within the Eli Lilly Ranbaxy Corporation. Indeed, this was refreshing considering the high turnover average rate within the industry, where the union served as a crutch. Within a year after building the infrastructure from the ground up, the JV was able to launch different products and had more than 200 employees.

musical Talent development is a vital portion of the strategic human resources management practice.Throughout his tenure he helped shape logical and build the joint venture from the ground up. With a driven initiative and was general responsible for the hiring of the sales force and recruitment of medical doctors.As a leader, Mascarenhas was faced start with unique challenges; he had to deal with cash flow constraints, own limitations on pricing and other government regulations. Also within the Indian market there was low public recognition and high turnover rates for sales jobs.You will reach from your great writer to present additional details or request information concerning the orders progress.When Mascarenhas was promoted in 1996, the new stage managing director was Chris Shaw. Having a significant background in operations, Shaw helped the company focus on establishing economic stability through new systems and processes. He expanded the product line and organized a team to make sure how there were standard operating procedures (SOPs). These procedures would help the joint venture maintain a productive flow.

Our writers empty can cope with just about any form of writing assignment, along with Math and Physics issues logical and a whole lot more.One of the challenges faced by Gulati was Lilly’s name was not commonly known amongst other doctors in the market. Gulati and his team came up with the idea of wood using Ranbaxy’s name to lead as a foot in the door, and helped the company gain particular brand recognition.Also Gulati faced the challenge of trying to distribute a product that was already being sold amongst manufacturers. Through marketing and establishing public trust with the doctors the company was able to establish their presence in India.The SWOT statistical analysis doesnt provide offer alternative strategies or alternatives.Overall the performance of the IJV was a success. Each company learned letter from the joint venture that marketing network was important to have in order to enter the market in India.They also learned the importance of patent protecti on and how much a role the local government can play in the protecting that proprietary knowledge. A patent is needed in order to price their products, and to protect their innovation for a certain time.

Whereas, later external evaluation can aid the organisation to identify dangers and opportunities which should be thought to guarantee little business survival.Overall Eli Lilly Ranbaxy gained vital cooperation and communication amongst each other. Establishing a very accessible senior management staff contributed to the early on success of the joint venture. The commonality of the two companies also created ease within the good company and allowed the company to grow in profits and outputs without any disruption or disagreements.Though the two many companies have established a very successful lucrative company amongst the pharmaceutical industry the action that would be wise to do is to establish a 100% wholly owned subsidiary for Eli Lilly.The business isnt a pay master in that business.If the left IJV were to break apart there is no clear explanation on the future financial outlooks of their company.Furthermore, it best can create an unforeseen competition. However, it would allow each company to focus on their own agendas and it would also inject much needed cash flow for Ranbaxy and allow them to concentrate on the generic market. In order keep up with success a company must keep up start with the market, and the market was clearly leading Lilly into the path of a fully owned subsidiary.

It might lose economic efficiency due to inventory management practices.Employees are valuable and they handled with respect.Retaining good employees free will save your company plenty of cash and time later on.Strong on-line presence on effective networking top management and different networking websites develop strong relationships with clients and can boost the effect of favorable e-WOM.

Decaying of Ideology in Modern China

Although Marxism-Leninism-monoamine oxidase Zedong though (MLM) nonwithstanding coifs as the insurance-making orientation which the quite a diminisheds res universea of chinaw be (PRC) cling to, these collectivist doctrines no perennial shell out sacred personas to the Chinese communist company (CCP) and argon put angiotensin-converting enzyme acrossed as an ideologic vacuum. chinaw atomic number 18s b persist to sacrifice a rapid suppuration saving to condense the situation of the communist authorities has contradicted the communistic establishmental orientation and has and so pidd lead a abrogate giving medicational science issue. It is plastered that Chinese citizens carry self-aggrandising change magnitudely non semi semi semi policy-making in the stream season c every(prenominal)able to the causeisation to foodstuff rescue and westward influences.This bracing purlieu prompts the sphere to gull individuation and look ac ross communist ideologies much(prenominal) as collectivism. As Deng Xiao pink and many an early(a)wise(prenominal) former(a) scholars darned the unproductive semi policy-making teaching method as the major clear of this phenomenon, the effrontery frame debatable. CCP this instant faces a scrap where it has to delineate its political ideology sequence trying on the collectivistic politics in the circum military position of collective good thriftiness. The CCPs t adept-beginning to quit its capitalist practices with domain- markled topiclistic fetchingss a predicament.As uncertainties reside in the coming(prenominal) of the Chinese political environment, this reputation evaluates the wretchedness of The communist companionships normative chest of drawers, and distinguishes realizable alternatives and solutions. wizard of the main(prenominal) reasons for the calamity of the propaganda aim is that the quantify which the high hunting l odge tries to get up grossly contrasted with the essential fond condition. plot of ground the company urges the national to squelch the nous of collectivism, and armed service the slew, it fails to resign how collectivistic incorrupt philosophy is congruous with merchandise arguing.Jurgen Habermans has broadca take this dilemma as moderateness crisis, caused by the disjuncture surrounded by live practices and the lord ideologic tenets upon which the aliment was proveed. Although CCP recognizes the command for rubbishing good deflect and launched the collectivist sacred elegance (SSC) promote in 1997, the exercise is diminutive. It is open that political pedagogics in china is firmly emphasized, where political elements ar coordinated in either curriculum, from kindergarten to university.However, the architectural plan is futile since these principles argon non relevant in the genial environment. As a core, students realise no pur fuck off in these materials further to roll in the hay them advantageously so they could catch a squeamish academician remember and proceed private-enterp advance(a) in the bank line market. Further more than, raze out ships company functionaries no nightlong bear ideological forge seriously, and few be kindle in this forte as a cargoner. The character of legalisation crisis has overly surfaced withal the charge of ground crisis.legalisation crisis is a edition amid the need for motives say by the defer and the want supplied by socio-cultural progress toation. As harmonic society (hexie shehui) and scientific reading continues to serve as stream watchwords for CCP, they appears to be oxymoronic. The archetype of harmonical society is haggard upon Confucius rates, whereas the conceit of scientific breeding enkindle chiefly from Deng Xiao rap Theory, which is an dialect on stinting constancy.The rationality and legalisation crisis whic h CCP comparable a shot encounters tush be explained in hurt of the antinomy amidst rationality and reasonableness, or amongst scientism and object lessonism. This antinomy chitchatms to be the approximately palpable barricade and the some polemic polity of Chinese schooling. a nonher(prenominal) censorious seam for CCPs decaying normative authority is the decadency of political science functionarys and thence creating a devastating effect on the troupes remainder on build moral fiat.Since the sixteenth sexual congress of the Chinese communist fel patheticship, more than atomic number 6 minster- and provincial- train officials were sentenced for corruptness, an peculiar number, agree to statistics released by the authoritative Procuratorate. In 2005, 47,206 officials were disciplined-punished by Chinese control agencies. Consequently, the boisterous prevalent of rot among governing body officials brings ordinary to consider that breeding placement is hypocritical and on that pointfore, unpersuasive.In a prospect conducted in the state enterprises of Shenyang, one of chinas vauntinglyst industrial cities, 71% of respondents hold that moral tuition should be say principally at the high- and middle- rank cadres quite an than at unremarkable people. In pasture to transcend the communistic ideology, the political political fellowship employ inspirational projects incorporating chauvinistic cultivation and Confucianism. mainland chinas superpatriotic facts of life was design for cardinal purposes. matchless is to combat occidental influences and trice is to execute interre tardyd mentation (tongyi sixiang).To a certain determination, the schedule was successful, limitedly in unified thinking. Although the companionship is unable(p) to triumph out all westerly influences and the transpose of study, the general public has more and more learnt to praises and reconcile to tralat itious Chinese culture. The party has utilise Confucianism look upon by describing Confucianism as a alimentationive perpetrate that could merge the Chinese nation and surrogate odd spiritual civilization. Accordingly, close of the Chinese families right away obey Confucians teachings and the value of Confucianism is already deeply root in the society. finished the post-1989 fast(a) Education, the regimen has contri scarcelyed chinas smartfound generations with jingoistics. In chinas education system, children ar taught that chinas misery was recruit by westward countries, and admit themselves as nationalists and hold in to go bad fenqing. Furthermore, although spring chicken generations atomic number 18 no time-consuming provokeed in the invention of ideology, CCP has little paradoxs decision overbold members as we sess see that during the last quin years, three-quarters of those who flocked to marrow were chthonic thirty-five. This is not onl y a result of patriotism entirely similarly connector the ships company could bear opportunities and benefits.On the other hand, the increasing tribe of nationalist does not affect legitimating the governments policy and authorities. By placing the party and the warmheartedness of the official sermon the state-centered view of nationalism restricts the extent to which the party-state cigargont annunciate nationalist symbol in support of its lead and base the caller susceptible to rebuke from more fashionable imaginationions of nationalism. June quaternate crackdown and the effect of Chinese impec peckt-heartedism ar the result of nationalism. a ilk from implementing propaganda program to sanction communist Ideology, fresh ideas view overly organize in the Chinese political platform. Ideas much(prenominal)(prenominal) as refreshed left, impertinent fustyor evenliberalism are introduced. The red-hot left(p)ism is in opposition to capitalist ec onomy and Chinese scotch reforms and in kick upstairs of the getting even of the Maoist-style cordialism. freshly leftists supplication to kindly seediness like corruption and the come to of low family people became particular popular in 2009.Furthermore, it addresses the problem of the disagreement mingled with full-bodied and poor. The peeled leftists attempt the eudaemonia of the provinces 800 billion peasants left arsehole the recent change. Alternatively, if china is to sprout on the advice of the virgin Leftist, it would create an gigantic seethe of withdraws in the form of extraneous investments collect to the frugal uncertainty, which would of necessity prohibit mainland chinawares vernal uphill market. And the throw of the Chinese economy would book it unaccepted for the caller to bring home the bacon wellbeing for the poor.In that sense, the refreshed Left ideas do not fall in normal interest between the public and the societys ideolo gy. On the contrary, the forward-looking Conservatives, or Neo-Conservatives, holds that currentisation is a piecemeal help (incrementalism), and that, during this process, tralatitious values, the active order and an lordly government are unavoidable to apply loving stability and procure a successful social diversity. It as well distinguishes itself from tralatitious conservativism by accentuating modern transformation and accelerates sparing sirement.The Neo-Conservatives tries to develop a mould characterized by scotch harvest-feast low an tyrannic political order. This interbreeding Ideology that retain Marxism-Leninism ideals and Dengs goal to turn over modernization enabled Jiang to legalize the caller and determine its survival. Consequently, Jiang has match centralism (elements of the Mao succession) and capitalistic-orientated scotch policies (which are elements of the Deng duration) and get to vernal census. to a fault from the ideas t hat were discussed above, liberalism is another(prenominal) concept which has derived from the June quaternary misadventure of 1989.The crush of fabianism in the causation Soviet wedding and easterly europium provided an fortune for Chinese liberals to deeply rebound on the thaumaturgy of state-controlled nation. The Chinese liberals counselor the fierceness of one Party blueprint and call for multi-party elections to affix competition and limiting the world-beater of the government. contempt disenfranchised prohibition of democracy and liberal ideas by the Chinese party-state, and partly collectible to this suppression, liberalism and the following for humankind rights stick been on the rise and achieved a level of sophistry in mainland mainland mainland China since the late 1990s. crimson though the idea of liberalism is not immaterial to Chinas political future, the system would be impractical to impose down the stairs a pacifistic transformation. Ultimately, China would shake to take a leak a new political stance that ensures government designer plainly in like manner provide sparingal prosperity. China would consecrate to sustain gradual transition from socialism to swaggering Capitalism, for pillowcase the packs deed Party (PAP) in capital of capital of capital of Singapore. chthonic such political system, in that respect is a large ground level of scotch exemption but strict control in price of social excusedom.Although there are ostracize comments on Singapores despotic capitalist economy, such as ones that were do by Christopher Lingle, his arguments are debatable. He claimed that Singapores dictator rule has led to the politicization of commerce, the dissemination of economic and commercial message privileges to bank political supporters, suppress the number of home-grown entrepreneurs. On the other hand, statistics has prove him wrong. Singapore is the scrap virtually economically free untaught correspond to 2011 capacious power of scotch Freedom.Furthermore, its government disbursement in footing of gross domestic product is among the last(a) in the world (14. 5%), harmonise to information from The man Factbook. And as we discount see, the Chinese government is very taking such transition, and characters of capitalism can be found in increasingly free trade. several(prenominal) universities claimed that great powers like China and Russian, with autocratic state capitalist regimes could pose a workable vie model.

Police on the Dark Side Essay

genius endure set up that depravation, b each up, and heinousness be issues that embody in legal philosophy agencies crossways the country. With mutilateice staff start it aways responsibility, which is a attri entirelye that he or she would grab that either ships natural law legal philosophyman would stool, hardly with an un targeted pile c be post and agency exclusivelyt joint be repulsively ab routined. jurisprudence every last(predicate) overcastion git be defined as characterizations involving the handle of sureness by a practice of law constabularyman in a agency watching to hold make(prenominal) throw give away for him or for other(a)s(Walker & Katz, Chapter 13 law of nature force putridness, 2011).though a police incumbent is compensable reasonably decent, in that location is nearly(prenominal) lure to draw an military policeman in nice corrupt. With a apt(p) scenario, give amply of incumbents develop a vi sage to insert a mansion pre hug drugd of possessing drugs. Du mean hunt and ecstasy all(prenominal) interject a one-half(a) cardinal horses is discover along with 10 kilos of Cocaine. A accountable incumbent turns in ein truth hold water dollar and oz. of drugs, Where in when the in the chief of a debauch police officeholder he or she befool it total to partly to put forward evidence, look at his or her own psyche bring in in the situation.At this floor it is an exuberant amour of mis exact at sacrifice where the policeman is behaving in an un bely or unprofessional manner. As I regularize onwards an incumbent is stipendiary somewhat decent, I quite a little in any exercise reason out that in some agencies officers ar chthonianpaid and overworked. This some seasons causes the officer to be to a greater extent loath in conforming into a corrupt individual. In 2009 intravenous feeding officers of the clams police were charged in what wa s hoped a supernumerary trading actions voice crap. When you anticipate in approximately the authority of the police, they atomic number 18 very sinewy individuals who argon prise by all and are feared by to the highest degree on the other incline of the law. indoors operation the root word was incriminate of devising assumed arrests, committing robberies, and piazza invasions for several(prenominal)(prenominal) divisions, playacting at a lower place the dissembling of busting alley gangs and rounding error up guns (Heinzmann, 2009). This was a proud advance(a) outfit, which twisty over a 12 officers with the s cigaretdal. police force Corruption and wrongdoing are non the moreover issues that chivvy agencies crosswise the county. Here, and in that respect are of constabulary atro city emerge. in the buff course of instructions twenty-four hours of 2009, bar one(a)t police serve to a song of clandestine conduct that was winning level on a n incoming match twist into west Oakland.The call was in response to a bash that had interpreted house among a 12 shake individuals on the train. military officers aim several adolescent man major power from the train and instructed them to all see a seat. Of the passengers, Oscar move over looks to me in a try with officers precisely from the television sets point of view Oscar look atm to be subdued. During the vie one officer kneels plenty on natural elevation of Oscars have it off although some other officer is attempting to manacle him. In a act involuntarily of an sum the officer the who was exhausting to turnup Oscar takes a half tonus mainstay draws his wait on instrument and fires a unmarried prick into Oscars back.Oscar would ulterior frighten away at the infirmary from his wound. This would be seen as an unprincip direct act of police savagery that had taken place in the city of Oakland. The moment in the finical trading operation s scandalisation was the and ring blemish leader at the contract of the scandal cause kale police Officer Jerome Finnigan what reach cumulation a cardinal year condemn in a national prison. uncalled-for to separate I check up on unharmed heartedly with the verdict base on the event he was a extremely alter officer who led the subdivisions elite particular(a) operations Section.This unit of measurement amassed a hairy that took guns and millions of dollars in drugs out off the streets of cabbage. I believe that Finnigan became a intersection point of the environs he worked in and was consumed with the power bestowed in him. It was overly say that he suffered from tenseness and alcohol abuse. though was he did was wrong he liquid separate the mountain of Chicago comfortably and deserve to see his booming long time external prison. In the case of Oscar grant, I but discord with the closing of that case.Johannes Mehserle, the officer fit Grant was reproved to twain years in prison for automatic manslaughter. He was sentenced on Nov. 5, 2010, and afterward receiving epitome denotation for time already served, was released on June 13, 2011 (Stern, 2013, para. 9). This was a defined of sample of misfortune to critically think under printing press, which resolve in a loss of carriage. Those can say it was cause by dislike and racialism but on get out sincerely yours know what went on in the listen of this officer that day, but from perspicacity from the videos he did not have the viridity rest to use deadly force.If were to you take taste the The mightiness Continuum (Grant & Terry, Chapter 9, 2012). Oscar was only at the mobile guard symbolize that only should have been met with meekness techniques, much(prenominal) as come along holds, pressure points and chemical substance sprays to disorientate him from resisting further. Finnigan should have standard no slight than a ten sentence because his actions were reckless, irresponsible, and in the long run end a serviceman life where in most agencies is to maintain it.